/* at-Tamhīd 1.1 — editorial typography and coordinated motion. */
:root{
  --serif:'Source Serif 4',Georgia,'Times New Roman',serif;
  --sans:'Noto Sans',-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,'Segoe UI',sans-serif;
  --arabic:'Noto Naskh Arabic','Amiri','Traditional Arabic',serif;
  --ink:#101113;--paper:#f7f8fa;--soft:#eff1f4;--line:#dadde2;--muted:#5d626c;
  --ease-out:cubic-bezier(.16,1,.3,1);--ease-soft:cubic-bezier(.22,.68,0,1.01);
}
html{scroll-padding-top:112px}body{font-kerning:normal;font-optical-sizing:auto;font-feature-settings:'ss01' 1;overflow-x:clip}
html.dialog-open{overflow:hidden}
h1,h2,h3{font-kerning:normal;text-wrap:balance;overflow-wrap:break-word;letter-spacing:-.032em}
p{text-wrap:pretty}
.site-header{position:sticky;top:0;background:#101113f7;backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(110%);-webkit-backdrop-filter:blur(18px) saturate(110%);transition:box-shadow .5s var(--ease-out),border-color .4s}
.site-header.is-scrolled{border-color:#ffffff18;box-shadow:0 10px 30px #00000012}
.header-inner{height:90px}
.brand{font-size:2rem;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.035em}
.brand-mark{border-radius:13px 13px 4px 4px;width:42px;height:47px;font-family:var(--arabic);font-size:2rem;padding-bottom:0}
.brand small{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.12em}
.nav-list{gap:34px}.nav-list a{font-size:.875rem;line-height:1.65;position:relative}
.nav-list a:after{position:absolute;inset:auto 0 -6px;height:1px;width:100%;transform:scaleX(0);transform-origin:left;transition:transform .45s var(--ease-out)}
.nav-list a:hover:after,.nav-list a:focus-visible:after,.nav-list a[aria-current=page]:after{transform:scaleX(1)}
.hero{overflow:hidden;isolation:isolate;position:relative}
.hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1.42fr 1fr;min-height:580px;padding-block:84px 74px;gap:52px}
.hero .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.13em;color:#b7bdc8;margin-bottom:28px}
.hero h1.editorial-title{font-size:clamp(3.8rem,6.1vw,6.15rem);font-weight:450;line-height:1.04;letter-spacing:-.043em;margin-bottom:28px}
.title-line{display:block;overflow:clip;overflow-clip-margin:.25em;padding-block:.05em;margin-block:-.05em}
.title-line>span{display:block;padding-bottom:.08em}
.title-line:nth-child(2){font-style:italic;font-weight:400;color:#c6cbd4}
.hero-intro{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.8;max-width:460px;color:#b5bbc5;margin-bottom:32px}
.hero-wordmark{border:1px solid #ffffff23;border-radius:180px 180px 12px 12px;min-height:395px;isolation:isolate;transform:translateY(var(--hero-shift,0px));background:linear-gradient(150deg,#ffffff05,transparent 55%)}
.hero-wordmark:before{inset:20px;border-color:#ffffff12;border-radius:inherit;transform:rotate(0)}
.hero-wordmark:after{inset:12% 5%;border-color:#ffffff09;transform:rotate(calc(-25deg + var(--hero-turn,0deg)));border-radius:50%}
.wordmark-index{font:400 .75rem/1.5 var(--sans);color:#9ba2af;letter-spacing:.12em;position:absolute;bottom:25px}
.arabic-wordmark{font-family:var(--arabic);font-size:clamp(5rem,8.5vw,8rem);line-height:1.7;font-weight:400;letter-spacing:0;text-shadow:none}
.wordmark-caption{font:400 1.65rem/1.2 var(--serif);letter-spacing:.01em;color:#d8dce3;margin-top:-12px}
.wordmark-domain{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.14em;margin-top:24px;color:#9ba2af}
.hero-base{padding-block:22px 25px;font-size:.75rem;align-items:center;color:#a9b0bd}
.scroll-cue{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:18px;font-size:.75rem}
.scroll-line{display:block;width:38px;height:1px;background:#ffffff35;position:relative;overflow:hidden}
.scroll-line:after{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;background:#dde0e5;transform:translateX(-100%)}
.button{position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:5px;min-height:52px;padding-inline:23px;font-weight:500;letter-spacing:-.015em;transition:background .25s,box-shadow .5s var(--ease-out),transform .5s var(--ease-out)}
.button-light{background:#f4f5f7;border-color:#f4f5f7}
.button:hover{transform:translateY(-2px);box-shadow:0 9px 22px #00000020}
.button:active{transform:translateY(0);box-shadow:0 2px 4px #00000018;transition-duration:.12s}
.button>span{transition:transform .5s var(--ease-out)}
.button:hover>span{transform:translate(3px,-3px)}
.topic-strip{background:#fff;border-block:1px solid var(--line)}
.topic-strip>.shell{padding-block:25px;gap:40px}
.topic-strip .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.11em}.topic-links{gap:14px 29px}.topic-links a{font-size:.875rem}
.topic-links a{background:linear-gradient(currentColor,currentColor) left bottom/0 1px no-repeat;padding-bottom:3px;transition:background-size .4s var(--ease-out)}
.topic-links a:hover{background-size:100% 1px;text-decoration:none}
.archive-section{padding-block:88px 100px}
.section-heading{margin-bottom:40px;align-items:end}
.section-heading h2{font-size:clamp(2.6rem,4.2vw,4rem);font-weight:450;letter-spacing:-.035em;line-height:1.1}
.section-heading .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.13em;margin-bottom:16px}
.section-heading>.muted{font-size:.8125rem;max-width:230px;text-align:end;line-height:1.7}
.article-grid{gap:24px}
.article-card{border-color:#d8dce2;border-radius:12px;background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 3px #171d2903;isolation:isolate;transition:opacity .8s var(--ease-out),transform .85s var(--ease-out),box-shadow .5s var(--ease-out),border-color .4s}
.article-card:before{content:'';position:absolute;inset:0;z-index:0;pointer-events:none;opacity:0;background:radial-gradient(340px circle at var(--pointer-x,50%) var(--pointer-y,50%),#e9edf480,transparent 75%);transition:opacity .6s var(--ease-out)}
.article-card:hover:before{opacity:1}
.article-card:hover{transform:translateY(-6px);border-color:#9ba3b1;box-shadow:0 20px 42px -23px #121b3545}
.card-body{padding:32px;position:relative;z-index:1}
.card-meta{gap:14px;margin-bottom:28px;font-size:.75rem}
.category-label{border:0;padding:0;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:500;color:#505966;letter-spacing:.09em;line-height:1.65}
.article-card h3{font-size:clamp(1.85rem,2.35vw,2.3rem);line-height:1.13;letter-spacing:-.025em;font-weight:450;margin-bottom:18px}
.card-link{background:linear-gradient(#10111350,#10111350) left 96%/0 1px no-repeat;transition:background-size .6s var(--ease-out)}
.article-card:hover .card-link{background-size:100% 1px}
.card-excerpt{font-size:.9375rem;line-height:1.8;color:#626974;margin-bottom:28px;letter-spacing:-.012em}
.card-bottom{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.7;color:#67707b;padding-top:21px}
.card-arrow{width:34px;height:34px;flex:0 0 auto;border-color:#d9dde4;font-size:1.12rem;transition:background .35s,color .35s,transform .5s var(--ease-out)}
.article-card:hover .card-arrow{transform:rotate(0deg) translate(1px,-1px)}
.featured-card{grid-template-columns:1.27fr 1fr;min-height:370px;margin-bottom:8px}
.featured-card .card-body{padding:42px 44px}
.featured-card h3{font-size:clamp(2.4rem,3.75vw,3.55rem);line-height:1.08;letter-spacing:-.035em;max-width:620px;margin-bottom:20px}
.featured-card .card-excerpt{max-width:490px}.featured-card .card-meta{margin-bottom:30px}
.feature-art{background:#eceff3;border-color:#d8dce3;overflow:hidden}
.feature-art:before{width:72%;border-color:#11111112;transition:transform 1.4s var(--ease-out)}
.feature-art:after{width:55%;border-radius:2px;transform:rotate(30deg);border-color:#1111110c;transition:transform 1.5s var(--ease-out)}
.feature-art>span{font:400 5.6rem/1.6 var(--arabic);color:#313844;transition:transform 1.2s var(--ease-out)}
.feature-art small{font:400 1.45rem/1.6 var(--serif);color:#656e7d}
.featured-card:hover .feature-art:before{transform:scale(1.06)}
.featured-card:hover .feature-art:after{transform:rotate(35deg)}
.featured-card:hover .feature-art>span{transform:translateY(-4px)}
.filter-bar{gap:8px;margin-bottom:28px}.filter-button{font-size:.875rem;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:6px;transition:background .3s,color .3s,border-color .3s}
.filter-button:hover{border-color:#8e97a5}
.empty-state{border-radius:12px;padding:55px}.empty-state h3{font-size:2.8rem}
.reading-surface{isolation:isolate;background:#eef0f4}
.reading-surface:before{content:'';position:fixed;inset:0;z-index:-1;pointer-events:none;background:#101113;opacity:var(--scene-depth,0);will-change:opacity}
.reading-article{position:relative}
.article-opening{background:#101113}
.article-header{color:#f4f5f7;background:#101113;border:0;padding-block:48px 76px;position:relative}
.article-header .back-link{color:#aab2bf;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:52px;transition:color .3s}
.article-header .back-link:hover{color:#fff}
.article-category{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.12em;color:#b3bdcd;line-height:1.8;margin-bottom:22px}
.article-header h1{font-family:var(--serif);font-weight:450;max-width:1040px;font-size:clamp(3.4rem,6.3vw,6.2rem);line-height:1.03;letter-spacing:-.038em;margin-bottom:34px}
.article-byline{color:#aab2bf;font-size:.8125rem;gap:15px;line-height:1.7}
.reading-layout{background:#fff;border:1px solid #e3e6eb;border-radius:16px;margin-top:38px;margin-bottom:78px;padding:58px 54px 70px;grid-template-columns:180px minmax(0,740px);gap:60px;justify-content:center;box-shadow:0 20px 65px -45px #00000055;position:relative}
.reading-aside{top:122px}.reading-aside[hidden]{display:none}
.reading-aside>.eyebrow{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.1em;color:#747c88;border-color:#e2e6ed;margin-bottom:18px;padding-bottom:17px}
.table-of-contents{gap:4px;font-size:.875rem;color:#78808d}
.table-of-contents a{display:grid;grid-template-columns:24px 1fr;gap:9px;align-items:baseline;padding:9px 10px 9px 0;border-radius:4px;line-height:1.55;transition:color .3s,background .3s,transform .45s var(--ease-out)}
.toc-number{font:400 .75rem/1 var(--sans);font-variant-numeric:tabular-nums;color:#798391}
.table-of-contents a:hover{color:#111;transform:translateX(3px)}
.table-of-contents a.active{color:#171c25;background:#f3f5f8;text-decoration:none}
.table-of-contents a.active .toc-number{color:#333e50}
.reading-aside>p{font-size:.75rem;color:#7b8491}
.entry-content{font-size:1.3125rem;line-height:1.82;letter-spacing:-.005em;font-weight:400;color:#282e38;max-width:72ch}
.entry-content>p:first-child{font-size:1.55rem;line-height:1.65;color:#252b35;letter-spacing:-.013em}
.entry-content p{margin-bottom:1.2em}.entry-content h2{font-size:2.45rem;font-weight:500;line-height:1.15;letter-spacing:-.022em;color:#11151c;margin-top:2.05em;margin-bottom:.7em;scroll-margin-top:130px}
.entry-content h3{font-size:1.85rem;font-weight:500;color:#151a23;line-height:1.25}
.entry-content .source-text{background:#f3f5f8;border-color:#dce1e9;border-radius:8px;padding:32px 34px;position:relative;margin-block:38px}
.entry-content .source-text:before{content:'';position:absolute;inset:24px auto 24px 0;width:2px;background:#a4adbd;transform:scaleY(1);transform-origin:top;transition:transform 1.1s var(--ease-out)}
.entry-content .source-text.reveal-pending:before{transform:scaleY(0)}
.arabic-text,.entry-content [lang=ar]{font-family:var(--arabic);font-size:1.95rem;line-height:2.05;letter-spacing:0;font-weight:400}
.source-citation{font:400 .875rem/1.8 var(--sans);color:#5f6a7b;border-color:#d8dfe8;margin-bottom:0}
.entry-content blockquote{border-color:#a6adba;font-size:1.6rem;line-height:1.65;padding-block:6px;font-weight:400}
.entry-content a{transition:text-decoration-color .25s;text-decoration-thickness:1px;text-underline-offset:5px}.entry-content a:hover{text-decoration-color:#111}
.reading-progress{height:2px;background:#b1bbc9;top:0;z-index:100}
.page-main{background:#fff;max-width:960px;margin-block:44px 74px;border:1px solid #e0e4eb;border-radius:16px;padding:64px 74px 80px}
.page-header .eyebrow{color:#707988}.page-header h1{font-size:clamp(3.3rem,5.4vw,5.2rem);line-height:1.05;font-weight:450}
.page-main .entry-content{max-width:none}
.site-footer{padding-top:65px}.footer-top{padding-bottom:48px}.footer-brand{font-size:3rem;font-weight:450;letter-spacing:-.04em}
.footer-brand>span{font-size:2.2rem;font-family:var(--arabic);padding-bottom:4px}
.footer-top>p,.footer-bottom{font-size:.75rem}.footer-bottom{padding-block:26px 32px}
.back-top{padding-block:8px}.search-dialog{border-radius:14px;padding:34px}.dialog-top p{font-family:var(--serif);font-size:2.2rem;letter-spacing:-.02em}
.search-dialog::backdrop{background:#080a10b8;backdrop-filter:blur(12px)}
.preview-notice{background:#e9edf2;font-size:.75rem;color:#505a6b}.preview-notice a{font-weight:500}
.motion-reveal{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);filter:none}
.motion-ready .reveal-pending{opacity:0;transform:translateY(30px)}
.motion-ready .article-header h1.reveal-pending,.motion-ready .page-header h1.reveal-pending{transform:translateY(18px);filter:blur(2px)}
.motion-ready .reveal-running{transition:opacity .9s var(--ease-out) var(--reveal-delay,0ms),transform 1s var(--ease-out) var(--reveal-delay,0ms),filter .8s var(--ease-out) var(--reveal-delay,0ms),box-shadow .5s var(--ease-out),border-color .4s}
.motion-ready .article-card.reveal-pending:hover{transform:translateY(30px)}
.motion-ready .article-card.revealed:hover{transform:translateY(-6px)}
.motion-ready .title-line>span{animation:title-arrive 1.15s var(--ease-out) both;animation-delay:calc(80ms + var(--line-index,0)*145ms)}
.motion-ready .hero .entrance{animation:editorial-rise .95s var(--ease-out) both}.motion-ready .hero .delay-2{animation-delay:.34s}
.motion-ready .scroll-line:after{animation:scroll-guide 2.8s var(--ease-out) 1s 3}
.motion-off .entrance,.motion-off .reveal,.motion-off .title-line>span{animation:none!important;transition:none!important;transform:none!important;opacity:1!important}
.motion-off *,.motion-off *:before,.motion-off *:after{scroll-behavior:auto;transition:none!important;animation:none!important}.motion-off .hero-wordmark{transform:none}.motion-off .article-card:hover,.motion-off .button:hover{transform:none}
@keyframes title-arrive{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(105%);filter:blur(2px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0);filter:blur(0)}}
@keyframes editorial-rise{from{opacity:0;transform:translateY(16px)}to{opacity:1;transform:translateY(0)}}
@keyframes scroll-guide{0%,18%{transform:translateX(-100%)}70%,100%{transform:translateX(100%)}}
@supports (view-transition-name:page){@view-transition{navigation:auto}::view-transition-old(root){animation:page-out .16s ease both}::view-transition-new(root){animation:page-in .24s ease both}@keyframes page-out{to{opacity:0}}@keyframes page-in{from{opacity:0}to{opacity:1}}}
@media(min-width:1600px){.hero-grid{min-height:630px}}
@media(max-width:1100px){.hero-grid{gap:35px;min-height:520px;padding-block:68px}.hero h1.editorial-title{font-size:4.7rem}.hero-wordmark{min-height:355px}.featured-card .card-body{padding:34px}.reading-layout{grid-template-columns:155px minmax(0,1fr);gap:34px;padding:44px 35px}.article-card h3{font-size:1.95rem}.featured-card h3{font-size:2.75rem}.toc-number{font-size:.75rem}}
@media(max-width:800px){.header-inner{height:82px}.hero-grid{grid-template-columns:1.3fr .85fr;gap:28px;min-height:480px}.hero h1.editorial-title{font-size:3.65rem}.hero-wordmark{min-height:310px}.arabic-wordmark{font-size:4.8rem}.wordmark-index{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.03em;bottom:20px}.hero .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem}.hero-intro{font-size:.9375rem}.wordmark-caption{font-size:1.45rem}.wordmark-domain{font-size:.75rem}.featured-card h3{font-size:2.5rem}.reading-layout{display:block;padding:36px 32px;margin-bottom:50px}.reading-aside{position:static;margin-bottom:34px}.table-of-contents{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:4px 18px}.table-of-contents a{font-size:.8125rem}.article-header h1{font-size:4rem}.article-header{padding-bottom:52px}.article-header .back-link{margin-bottom:38px}.entry-content{font-size:1.25rem}.page-main{padding:45px}.topic-strip>.shell{padding-block:22px}.archive-section{padding-block:65px 80px}.section-heading h2{font-size:3.2rem}}
@media(max-width:560px){html{scroll-padding-top:104px}.header-inner{height:76px}.brand{font-size:1.8rem}.brand-mark{width:36px;height:41px;font-size:1.7rem}.brand small{font-size:.75rem;letter-spacing:.08em}.hero-grid{display:block;padding-block:43px 30px;min-height:0}.hero h1.editorial-title{font-size:clamp(3.15rem,11.8vw,4.2rem);line-height:1.06;letter-spacing:-.04em}.hero .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem;line-height:1.75;letter-spacing:.06em;margin-bottom:22px}.hero-intro{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.75}.hero-wordmark{border:1px solid #ffffff23;border-radius:95px 95px 9px 9px;min-height:225px;max-width:310px;margin:40px auto 0;transform:none;padding-block:10px 34px}.hero-wordmark:before{display:block;inset:12px}.arabic-wordmark{font-size:5rem;line-height:1.55}.wordmark-caption{font-size:1.4rem}.wordmark-domain{display:none}.wordmark-index{font-size:.75rem;bottom:15px;letter-spacing:.08em}.hero-base{font-size:.75rem;gap:14px;padding-block:20px;align-items:center}.hero-base span:last-child{max-width:none}.scroll-cue{font-size:.75rem;gap:10px}.scroll-line{width:22px}.topic-strip .eyebrow{font-size:.75rem}.topic-links a{font-size:.875rem}.topic-links{gap:12px 21px}.section-heading h2{font-size:2.85rem;line-height:1.08}.section-heading{margin-bottom:32px}.section-heading .eyebrow{margin-bottom:12px}.archive-section{padding-block:55px 65px}.article-grid{gap:20px}.article-card h3{font-size:2.15rem;line-height:1.12}.card-body,.featured-card .card-body{padding:28px}.card-meta{margin-bottom:24px}.card-excerpt{font-size:1rem;line-height:1.75}.card-bottom{font-size:.75rem}.featured-card h3{font-size:2.55rem}.featured-card .feature-art{min-height:205px}.feature-art>span{font-size:4.2rem}.feature-art small{font-size:1.25rem}.featured-card .card-meta{margin-bottom:24px}.article-header{padding-block:28px 44px}.article-header h1{font-size:clamp(2.85rem,10.5vw,3.65rem);line-height:1.07;letter-spacing:-.028em}.article-header .back-link{font-size:.8125rem;margin-bottom:35px}.article-byline{font-size:.75rem;gap:9px}.reading-layout{width:calc(100% - 24px);border-radius:10px;padding:28px 20px 42px;margin-top:20px;margin-bottom:30px}.entry-content{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.82}.entry-content>p:first-child{font-size:1.4rem;line-height:1.65}.entry-content h2{font-size:2.15rem;scroll-margin-top:105px}.entry-content h3{font-size:1.8rem}.entry-content .source-text{padding:24px 22px;margin-inline:-5px;border-radius:7px}.arabic-text,.entry-content [lang=ar]{font-size:1.7rem;line-height:2.05}.source-citation{font-size:.8125rem}.table-of-contents{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:0}.reading-aside{margin-bottom:32px}.table-of-contents a{font-size:.875rem;padding-block:7px}.page-main{width:calc(100% - 24px);margin-block:20px 30px;padding:35px 24px 45px;border-radius:10px}.page-header h1{font-size:3.2rem}.footer-brand{font-size:2.6rem}.footer-brand>span{font-size:2rem}.footer-top>p,.footer-bottom{font-size:.75rem}.footer-top{gap:24px}.site-footer{padding-top:42px}.preview-notice{font-size:.75rem}.search-dialog{padding:24px}.dialog-top p{font-size:1.9rem}.motion-ready .reveal-pending{transform:translateY(22px)}.motion-ready .article-card.reveal-pending:hover{transform:translateY(22px)}}
@media(hover:none),(pointer:coarse){.article-card:before{display:none}.article-card:hover,.motion-ready .article-card.revealed:hover{transform:none}.featured-card:hover .feature-art>span{transform:none}}
@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){html{scroll-behavior:auto}.title-line>span,.entrance,.motion-reveal,.reveal-pending{opacity:1!important;filter:none!important;transform:none!important;animation:none!important}.hero-wordmark{transform:none!important}.reading-surface:before{opacity:0;will-change:auto}.article-card:hover,.button:hover{transform:none!important}::view-transition-old(root),::view-transition-new(root){animation:none!important}}
@media(forced-colors:active){.reading-surface:before,.article-card:before{display:none}.article-card,.reading-layout{border:1px solid CanvasText}.source-text{border:1px solid CanvasText}}
.rtl .title-line{font-style:normal;letter-spacing:0}.rtl .title-line>span{line-height:1.55}.rtl .table-of-contents a:hover{transform:translateX(-3px)}.rtl .entry-content .source-text:before{inset:24px 0 24px auto}.rtl .nav-list a:after{transform-origin:right}
.admin-bar .site-header{top:32px}@media(max-width:782px){.admin-bar .site-header{top:46px}}@media(max-width:600px){.admin-bar .site-header{top:0}}
@media print{.reading-surface:before{display:none}.article-header{box-shadow:none;clip-path:none;background:white;color:black}.article-category,.article-byline{color:#444}.reading-layout,.page-main{border:0;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;padding:0;margin:20px 0;width:100%}.article-header h1{font-size:28pt}.entry-content{font-size:12pt;max-width:none}.entry-content h2{font-size:19pt}.source-text{break-inside:avoid}.motion-reveal,.reveal-pending{opacity:1!important;transform:none!important;filter:none!important}}